Ancient Egypt was ruled by a Pharaoh, a title that comes from the ancient Egyptian word for "Great House."

A "mufti" is a Muslim legal expert; Ancient Egypt existed for millennium prior to Islam.

Likewise, a "Caliph" is a supreme Muslim leader, similar to an Islamic pope. While Egypt today is a mostly Muslim nation, ancient Egypt was mostly polytheistic with only small sects of monotheistic faiths; none of which were Islamic.

The "Pope" is the supreme Catholic leader. While the ancient Egyptian language eventually became the traditional language of Egypt's Christian community, Ancient Egypt existed long before Christianity.

A "president" is a leader elected in a democratic process of competing political parties, whereas the ancient Egyptian leadership was hereditary and based on the support of the clergy and warriors.

The Pax Romana was a period of relative peace, stability, and wealth for the city of Rome, maintained by beneficial trade relations with different parts of the empire policed by the Roman military.

Although Rome's military changed over thousands of years, the sarissa was a Greek weapon never used by Roman soldiers.'

Rome was sacked by Gothic tribes many times, but not during the Pax Romana.

Rome's leadership was still pagan during the Pax Romana.

Rome was never a Greek tributary.

The island of Delos was both relatively geographically central to the entire Hellenic world, and uninhabited at the time, so it was viewed as neutral territory by, and therefore a good location for, an association of Greek city states.

Athens eventually commandeered the Delian league, using its navy for its own purposes, something that oftentimes aggrieved the smaller city states, but the original site was not in Athens.

Sparta was never the site of the Delian League, although Sparta's role was of great importance.

Sinope was never the site of the Delian League, although Sinope's legacy as a Greek colony conquered by the Persian empire was a prime example of why many Greeks thought a Delian League necessary.

Crete was not the site of the Delian League as it was inhabited, and therefore considered not neutral.

The Delian League was formed in 477 BCE It was an alliance of Greek city-states under the control of Athens that was formed to deter and protect against a Persian invasion of Greece. Over time Athens took more and more control over the league, leading to the formation of the Peloponnesian League by Sparta. Eventually these two alliances would be pitted against each other in the Peloponnesian War.

The Roman Empire started with the city of Rome. Greece was a nation containing multiple city states such as Sparta and Athens, which had risen and fallen before the expanding Romans conquered what remained of Greece and integrated its culture, history, and beliefs.

The Delian League was founded by Athens and more than a hundred other Greek city-states in 477 BCE. Its original purpose was to provide for the mutual protection of Greek city-states against the threat of the Persian Empire. Over the years the Delian League morphed into an extension of Athenian power and hegemony, and a rival Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta, emerged to challenge the authority of Athens.

The Zulu kingdom was a 19th-century state based in South Africa that fought a series of wars with expansionist Boer and British forces primarily during the 1860s. The label of pre-Columbia society is reserved for societies that existed in the Americas before colonial expansion and contact. The Zulu kingdom, while a society that existed prior to colonial European expansion, is excluded from this definition due to simple geography.

Tamil kingdoms arose in southern India at various times throughout the history of the subcontinent. They were particularly influential after the fall of the Gupta in the sixth century. They were an important part of the Indian Ocean trading network.

Excommunication was a potent political tool wielded by the Papacy during the medieval period. Through excommunication, the Papacy could exclude an individual, or a whole country, from the practice of Catholicism and the promise of eternal salvation. It was used throughout the Middle Ages and the Renaissance period to reinforce the authority of the Papacy and to manipulate the decisions of secular rulers.

During the Medieval period, Italy was a highly decentralized and urbanized part of Europe. People in that time period would not have recognized the concept of “Italy” and would instead have viewed themselves as members of independent city-states. The most influential during this period were Florence and Venice in the northeast, Milan in the northwest, and Naples in the south.