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Flashcards: Context-Dependent Meaning of Phrases or Sentences in Natural Science Passages
Adapted from The Evolutionist at Large by Grant Allen (1881)
I am engaged in watching a brigade of ants out on foraging duty, and intent on securing for the nest three whole segments of a deceased earthworm. They look for all the world like those busy companies one sees in the Egyptian wall paintings, dragging home a huge granite colossus by sheer force of bone and sinew. Every muscle in their tiny bodies is strained to the utmost as they pry themselves laboriously against the great boulders that strew the path, and that are known to our Brobdingnagian intelligence as grains of sand. Besides the workers themselves, a whole battalion of stragglers runs to and fro upon the broad line that leads to the headquarters of the community. The province of these stragglers, who seem so busy doing nothing, probably consists in keeping communications open, and encouraging the sturdy pullers by occasional relays of fresh workmen. I often wish that I could for a while get inside those tiny brains, and see, or rather smell, the world as ants do. For there can be little doubt that to these brave little carnivores here the universe is chiefly known as a collective bundle of odors, simultaneous or consecutive. As our world is mainly a world of visible objects, theirs, I believe, is mainly a world of olfactible things.
In the head of every one of these little creatures is something that we may fairly call a brain. Of course most insects have no real brains; the nerve-substance in their heads is a mere collection of ill-arranged ganglia, directly connected with their organs of sense. Whatever man may be, an earwig at least is a conscious, or rather a semi-conscious, automaton. He has just a few knots of nerve cells in his little pate, each of which leads straight from his dim eye or his vague ear or his indefinite organs of taste; and his muscles obey the promptings of external sensations without possibility of hesitation or consideration, as mechanically as the valve of a steam engine obeys the governor balls. The poor soul's intellect is wholly deficient, and the senses alone make up all that there is of him, subjectively considered. But it is not so with the highest insects. They have something that truly answers to the real brain of men, apes, and dogs, to the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum that are superadded in us mammals upon the simple sense-centers of lower creatures. Besides the eye, with its optic nerve and optic perceptive organs—besides the ear, with its similar mechanism—we mammalian lords of creation have a higher and more genuine brain, that collects and compares the information given to the senses, and sends down the appropriate messages to the muscles accordingly. Now, bees and flies and ants have got much the same sort of arrangement, on a smaller scale, within their tiny heads. On top of the little knots that do duty as nerve centers for their eyes and mouths, stand two stalked bits of nervous matter, whose duty is analogous to that of our own brains. And that is why these three sorts of insects think and reason so much more intellectually than beetles or butterflies, and why the larger part of them have organized their domestic arrangements on such an excellent cooperative plan.
We know well enough what forms the main material of thought with bees and flies, and that is visible objects. For you must think about something if you think at all; and you can hardly imagine a contemplative blow-fly setting itself down to reflect, like a Hindu devotee, on the syllable Om, or on the oneness of existence. Abstract ideas are not likely to play a large part in apian consciousness. A bee has a very perfect eye, and with this eye it can see not only form, but also color, as Sir John Lubbock's experiments have shown us. The information that it gets through its eye, coupled with other ideas derived from touch, smell, and taste, no doubt makes up the main thinkable and knowable universe as it reveals itself to the apian intelligence. To ourselves and to bees alike the world is, on the whole, a colored picture, with the notions of distance and solidity thrown in by touch and muscular effort; but sight undoubtedly plays the first part in forming our total conception of things generally.
Which of these most accurately restates the meaning of the underlined portion of text, “Abstract ideas are not likely to play a large part in apian consciousness"?
Ants being ponderous is a ridiculous notion.
Complex thoughts being predominant in the mind of bees is improbable.
Bees and flies showing signs of reasoning is a whimsical image.
A flying insect personally debating the universe is irrelevant to this discussion.
Insects considering the world around them in any more than a sensory aspect is an inane idea.
All SAT Critical Reading Resources
The 2016 revised SAT deviates from the old version of the test in some major ways. If you are a high school student planning your schedule for the coming years, there are things you have to start thinking about now to be ready for the new test. The SAT is among the most well-known hurdles you may have to face on your way to the college and career of your dreams. Whether you need top SAT tutors in New York, SAT tutors in Chicago, or SAT tutors in Los Angeles, working with a pro may take your studies to the next level.
Almost all standardized tests seek to gauge your ability to think critically, and the SAT is no different. To accomplish this goal, the 2016 version of the SAT is broken down into two major sections: the Evidence-Based Reading & Writing section and the Math section. There is also an optional essay section, scored separately.
The Evidence-Based Reading & Writing section is really two tests. The reading portion of this test is probably more like the SAT that you have grown up hearing about. You are going to have to use your powers of deduction, inference, and reasoning to face questions based on provided material.
Specifically, you will be given four individual passages, and then one paired passage to interpret. But remember, the SAT is testing your critical reasoning skills. It wants to make sure that you have the skills to excel in college where rote memorization is not enough. As a result, you aren’t going to be asked simple questions about the passages. Instead, you can expect questions demanding that you interpret complex material. Specifically, you can expect questions asking you to identify the conceptual ideas in an indicated portion of the passage and questions asking you to making sense of the vocabulary and rhetorical strategies used.
You may see a question that gives you data in a graph, or a part of a historical document. Can you draw inferences from graphical depictions of scientific experiments? Can you ascertain the definition of a word based on its context? Maybe you are not entirely sure what the word “ascertain” means; are you able to figure it out from the context of the previous sentence?
If you question your ability to succeed on a test that features these kinds of questions, you are not alone. Doing well on such tests can be especially difficult under time pressure, and your exam includes fifty-two questions to be answered in sixty-five minutes. You not only have to develop great reading skills, but great test-taking skills as well. Varsity Tutors also offers resources like a free SAT prep book to help with your self-paced study, or you may want to consider an SAT Critical Reading tutor.
You can develop these skills best by practice! Doing practice questions, and working with tutors or teachers can help you highlight where you need to focus your efforts while studying. You can also use Varsity Tutors’ free SAT Critical Reading resources in working to bolster your reading comprehension and analysis skills. Our free SAT Critical Reading flashcards in particular can suit your study habits if you find you have a busy schedule but still want to incorporate SAT prep into your spare moments. Each of our SAT Critical Reading flashcards contains a question and the passage to which it relates; selecting an answer choice reveals the correct response as well as a full explanation of how to arrive at it. Registering for a free Learning Tools account can help you track your progress as you review. As you get more comfortable with the types of questions you will see, answering almost a question a minute on test day will seem much less frightening. In addition to the SAT Critical Reading Flashcards and SAT Critical Reading tutoring, you may also want to consider taking some of our SAT Critical Reading practice tests.
It is important to recognize that the skill sets tested on the SAT are critical to your long-term success. Developing your reading comprehension and test-taking skills now can help make your SAT Evidence-Based Reading exam easier to face, but it can also position you for academic success in the years to come.
